Abstract: Oil and gas pipelines are vital for the stability of the energy supply and environmental safety, despite facing numerous safety hazards, such as corrosion and defects during their operation. To ensure the reliable service of oil and gas pipelines, timely and accurate detection and assessment of pipeline conditions are required. Besides, it is essential to comprehensively and systematically elaborate on the safety assurance technologies and data analysis methods for oil and gas pipelines. In this paper, an in-depth study of the principles, characteristics, and applications of various pipeline detection technologies was conducted, and domestic and international technical materials were analyzed. Combined with practical cases, the working mechanism and advantages of various detection technologies were systematically elaborated. The main internal detection technologies, external detection technologies, and composite detection technologies were classified and studied. The characteristics of different technologies were compared, and their application effects in pipeline detection were discussed. Results show that the resistance probe technology can accurately calculate the amount and rate of corrosion through changes in resistance; electromagnetic ultrasonic testing has the advantages of non-contact and outstanding repeatability, becoming a new force innon-destructive testing; magnetic flux leakage(MFL) testing has high sensitivity and no need for couplants, but remains detection blind spots; composite detection technology, by complementing the advantages of various methods, can expand the breadth and depth of detection, and improve the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the testing, but faces highgdbh.pipechina. com.cnequipment costs and difficulties in system integration. In conclusion, oil and gas pipeline detection technologies are diverse, each with its strengths and weaknesses, and no single technology can meet the comprehensive detection requirements. The integration of big data and intelligent detection will be the future development trend in the field of oil and gas pipeline detection. Enhancing the integration of multiple technologies, optimizing signal processing and analysis methods, and developing intelligent detection systems will allow for a better operation of oil and gas pipelines.