UAV-induced low-altitude safety risks and countermeasures for oil and gas pipeline network systems

With the rapid development of the low-altitude economy, low-altitude UAV flight activities feature high density, high frequency and high complexity, posing new challenges to the safe operation of oil and gas pipeline networks. Current research often conflates high-intensity threats like military strikes and terrorist attacks with the distinct safety risks arising from nuisance and disruptive low-altitude UAV flights. There is a lack of refined, quantitative risk assessment frameworks tailored to oil and gas pipeline networks, resulting in generalized prevention and control measures that lack adaptability and precision. This paper systematically analyzes UAV-induced safety risks to oil and gas pipeline networks across four dimensions-human factors, equipment, environment, and management-highlighting low-altitude risk characteristics through typical cases. It examines the core components and vulnerabilities of pipeline networks to UAV threats, assesses hazard severity by UAV type, and evaluates the safety risks imposed by civil UAV activities on the main structures and auxiliary facilities. Finally, in accordance with relevant national laws, regulations, and industry standards, the paper proposes full-chain prevention and control countermeasures, including compliance system development, facility protection, operational management specifications, and enhanced emergency response capabilities. This research offers theoretical insights and practical guidance for oil and gas enterprises to establish effective low-altitude safety systems against UAV threats.